Belonging Essay Example For Students

Having a place Essay A few of the sonnets in the treasury pass on a feeling of distance; anyway An Unknown Girl by Moniza Alvi and Into Your Mind via Carol Ann Duffy are for me especially clear in the manner they depict such a sentiment of not having a place. In An Unknown Girl, the artist communicates how her way of life foundations of India are stirred while an obscure young lady is deftly hennaing her hand. In Your Mind, the artist transports us from the exhausting England, whose language is suppressed by the downpour in pre-winter, to the energizing and magnificent other nation. In this article, I will portray how the utilization of language, writers demeanor, structure and type of the sonnets help the artists to lucid such a ground-breaking sentiment of distance. After examining the sonnets, we can see that the two uses language in different manners to communicate their insightful feeling of not having a place. In An Unknown Girl, Alvi begins by developing a swarmed and vivacious picture of India with the night bazaar studded with neon. She is a piece of such a brilliant picture, however the presence of a nearby obscure young lady in the accompanying line promptly makes a hole between the artist and the nation she really has a place with. In this way Alvi utilizes redundancy of the example of at night an obscure young lady is hennaing my hand all through the sonnet for multiple times all through the sonnet to stress her inquiry of character and feeling of having a place, while implying that she is additionally obscure to the nation. She appears to know none. She appears not to be a piece of India. She is estranged. In any case, we can see that she is truly connected with to the nation, utilizing tangible language to make a vigorous India, for models , the silk peach knee of the young lady, the beautifully coasting inflatables, the shade material and couch fabric. These are for the most part exceptionally brilliant pictures and sentiments of India that shelter her, which shows the normally private and inescapable connection among India and herself. Alvi additionally much of the time utilizes enjambment in the sonnet, isolating lines to include anticipation, reinforce her quick pace of musings, energy of India and her yearning of a feeling of having a place. She utilizes a wonderful analogy of new earthy colored veins, which speak to both the peacock tattoo and the acclimatized culture of India profound into her underlying foundations. To Alvi, the tattoo is an image of India, when she states, when India shows up and returns which gives her aching of having a place with India. In a similar way, the utilization of language In Your Mind is additionally exceptionally effective and stunning. It very well may be contended that the you in the sonnet can be applied to any individual who is edgy for a touch of reward so as to escape from the exhausting reality. The utilization of second individual makes perusers progressively engaged with the experience of the persona. Toward the start, Duffy utilizes a non-serious inquiry, is it envisioned or half-recalled? to bring you quickly into the circumstance of the sonnet, with the English downpour falling throughout the evening. The intensity of creative mind in your brain is quick to the point that in spite of the fact that in line 4 you are working, in line 6 you are as of now on the plane. With the assistance of current state, enjambment and a sudden full stop, Duffy makes a picture just as inside a subsequent you are now sitting immovably in the plane. The utilization of analogy when the past blurs like newsprint in the sun rapidly transport you into the creative mind of the other nation. Here, newsprint is obviously an image of England. In any case, you are then settled to be natural to it, in light of the fact that their countenances are photos in the memory. A fantasy like, charming and loosening up symbolism is perfectly built when a moon like an orange strip itself into the ocean, spreading, gliding, dissolving every which way. Duffy additionally utilizes loads of monosyllabic words and short lines to depict the other nation, especially in the third stanza: Seagulls. Ringers. A woodwind These short yet straightforward portrayals quickly claim to our faculties, making a sentiment of you are there. All things considered Duffy uses such a strategy to ship us back to the truth as well, as should be obvious: A paper. English downpour. This brings to an unexpected stop, just as all are just dreams. .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .postImageUrl , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:visited , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:active { border:0!important; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:active , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover { haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e27 3cdc8a86286 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayAlthough the two sonnets I have picked both investigate sentiments of estrangement, the writers disposition and the setting of estrangement are extremely recognized. Concerning An Unknown Girl, Alvi feels distanced on the grounds that her natural veins of India are personally associated with her spirit. As should be obvious, she can't quit sticking to these firm peacock lines-the involvement with the bazaar, being hennaed, is so significantly profound, exceptional and paramount. In any case, Alvi makes sense of that having not been living in her nation of origin, she feels odd, obscure and estranged. She re alizes that the social roots and bonds brought by the veins will blur in seven days. We feels sorry about her since she comprehends the transition of her feeling of having a place, and in this way she realizes that she must be thoughtfully aching for the obscure young lady, and the new India with her hands outstretched to discover back the sentiment of the hennaing experience, alone. All through the sonnet, Alvi has changed her tone: from the feeling of miracle and enjoyment when she sees the angry boulevards brimming with vitality and energy, to a feeling of uncertainty and tenderness when she chooses to scratch off the dry earthy colored lines, lastly a feeling of yearning and misfortune when she finds that her social roots must be recollected by aching for the obscure young lady. The kind of estrangement in Alvis sonnet is as if anyway close the connection is, the social battle of not living there in your adolescence or for a mind-blowing duration will basically make an imperceptible divider among you and the nation of origin, which is miserable and unavoidable. Despite what might be expected, the demeanor of Duffys sonnet is one of ground-breaking want to get away to the next nation in an energizing manner in your brain. The writer is perhaps disappointed with the exhausting and dull English downpour and the work in England, so she makes a persona you who needs to run away to his/her unwinding and radiant heaven of creative mind. In spite of the fact that Duffy states that you know individuals there, an old work of art and the old inn, it very well may be seen that Duffy is driving us into an awesome universe of creative mind, in light of the fact that these portrayals of the other nation can seemingly apply to any individual who is common and experienced. She is acquainting us with a universe of miracle, by keeping in touch with YOU do this and YOU do that, for examples, You left You love the activity and you are there. The utilization of second individual makes everything appear to be basic. For sure, you are doing a wide range of things there, however it is just a mixed up creative mind. You can neither have a place with an innovative world, nor you are glad to be in the commonplace England. This is the reason we are left with a feeling of estrangement toward the finish of the sonnet: the energizing and confident creative mind can just go about as a relief of fatigue, in light of the fact that the barbarous the truth is unpreventable. In conclusion, the structures and types of the sonnets creatively add to the implications and sentiments. In An Unknown Girl, the utilization of free refrain permits Alvi to investigate her streaming contemplations and ponders unreservedly. The utilization of single refrain strengthens the social relationship between India, her social roots, and the peacock, tattoo. The especially long, slight visual design of the sonnet shows a hennaed hand and fortifies the presence of India in Alvis mind. Interestingly, the utilization of free section and normal format permits Duffy to make an unreservedly streaming memory of spot and creative mind. The idyllic structure makes a major sandwich of the truth as the boring bread toward the start and at long last, and the creative mind as the most delectable and brilliant part in

Nursing Informatics Article Review

Article Review Number Two NRSG 115 October, 31, 2012 Article Review Number Two This article quickly sums up informatics giving definitions to confounding wording and what it implies for the nursing calling. Nursing informatics is depicted as the association of nursing science, software engineering, and data science. As advances in innovation keep, nursing informatics progressively assumes a bigger job in tolerant consideration and nursing practice (Manal, Shaben, and Allen, 2012).By empowering capability in informatics, the creators accept that medical caretakers can improve their insight base and trust in their training. This competency can prompt a higher caliber of care and a more secure workplace in the nursing calling (Manal et al. , 2012). Statement â€Å"However, deciding to overlook the innovation doesn't address the difficulties. In actuality, medical attendants need to consider innovation past aptitudes dominance and fundamentally look at how it impacts tolerant considerat ion and nursing practice† (Manal et al. , 2012, p. 14). You can peruse likewise Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care PlanParaphrase Nurses should see innovation as another device that is significant for the calling and patient consideration (Manal et al. , 2012, p. 14). Assessment All three creators are enrolled medical attendants. Kelib is a possibility for a PhD and holds two experts; one in business organization and the other in nursing. The rest of the creators, Allen and Shaben, both hold experts in nursing. As medical attendants, they comprehend the inexorably perplexing universe of innovation that is changing the nursing calling, and why it is significant for medical attendants to be able in it.Two of the attendants gave their email addresses in the article for those keen on being a piece of the Informatics Specialty Practice Group for Alberta medical caretakers, which persuades that they are included and clearly forward-thinking in the realm of nursing informatics. This article was distributed in spring of 2012. I trust it is one of the most current articles regarding the matter. It doesn’t jump into the particulars of informatics which is a continually developing field. Rather it centers around the significance of understanding what informatics is and why it is significant in nursing practice.Since it is such a fast and summed up review, I trust it is as applicable as it was a half year back. This article was equipped towards enlisted medical caretakers, especially those that work in Canada. I additionally accept that this article is relevant to anybody in the nursing calling. I do believe that this data is applicable to me as an understudy. It is a basic article that presents to the peruser a short depiction of informatics in language I comprehend. This data gives me knowledge into the significance and effect that the advancing universe of innovation has on nursing.The creators quote an expert assessment from one reference and refer to references all through the content to help their decisions. The primary area of the article characterizes wellbeing informatics and wording identified with education. All the definitions and realities are refered to and referenced. The second 50% of the article gives a specialist supposition concerning why informatics is critical to nursing. This article utilizes eight references. Four of the references were distributed inside the previous 6 years and the other half goes once again from 1996-2003.I do consider this list of sources helpful in light of the fact that this article is such a short diagram of informatics and I might want to find out additional. I understand how significant informatics is to nursing practice and the reference list gives incredible assets to grow my insight regarding the matter. This article was found on the CINAHL database gave by the Renne Library site. I went under cutting edge search alternatives and limited the hunt by choosing the crate, first creator is a medical caretaker, and restricted the date of distribution to no later than five years ago.I entered informatics into the discover box. I think this is a specialist sentiment article since it isn't peer investigated. It does exclude the necessary conceptual, presentation, techniques, results, and conversation area that examination articles have. It cites other research articles and papers identified with informatics to give proof to their sentiment. References Kleib, M. , Shaben, T. , and Allen, D. (2012). Lost in interpretation. Alberta RN, 68(1), 12-14. Recovered from

Custom Written Research Papers

Custom Written Research PapersCustom written research papers are the need of the hour. Not only they have to be written in a concise manner, but also have to be written in such a way that it matches the needs of the client. When there is no proper match between the needs and the writing style of the client, then the work will not turn out the way that the client wants it to be.It is all about how well you understand the needs of the client before you can start writing the custom written research papers. Once you know what it is that the client requires, it will not be difficult for you to find out the most suitable options to write your papers. Before writing any paper, one has to ensure that they have the right keywords in place, because writing good keywords in the research papers is important.The keyword phrases in custom written research papers should be selected on the basis of the purpose of the paper. By knowing the need and the purpose of the paper, the author can make his or her paper more effective. If the research paper has to do with a subject that is very complex and does not require any basic understanding of the topic, then the author can write the paper using the latest advanced software that allows the author to use a large number of keywords.The second important thing is to ensure that the research papers are written in such a way that they convey the right information to the readers. This can be done by consulting the people whom you know to know the people's needs and expectations. The researchers can make use of their references to get in touch with the readers and get their reactions to the information provided in the research papers.The next thing to remember is to write the paper in a proper manner, which is applicable for the subjects that the author is dealing with. There are several writers who try to write as they would deal with a marketing application. Even if the writer has a certain style of writing, they cannot write the researc h papers in such a manner that it is not appealing to the readers.The research papers must not be full of technical terms, unless the writer is a professional. The research papers should contain enough technical terms, but only in a proper way. If the research papers contain too many technical terms, then the reader may think that the writer is trying to fool them.The research papers should also be written in such a way that it provides good information. They should provide some useful information, which will help the readers understand the problem that they are facing. The readers should be able to come to terms with the problems and the solutions mentioned in the research papers.The authors should make sure that the custom written research papers contain a proper introduction to make the readers familiar with the subject and the author. The authors should make sure that they avoid making their own research papers, because the readers will prefer them to get the good quality resear ch papers from the professional writers. The custom written research papers, once written, should be published in a professional publication.

3d Printing Of Care And Patient Outcomes - 1029 Words

3D Printing in Healthcare All throughout the world there are constant technological innovations. As time progresses, more inventions come about and alter our lives. Since the industrial revolution we as a nation have had plenty of technological advances that have impacted our lives. Healthcare is one of the most prominent and impactful systems in the world. Technology in healthcare can ultimately make a huge difference in the performance of care and patient outcomes. One recently new innovation in health care is three dimensional printing. 3D printing is a manufacturing method where objects are made by fusing or depositing material. This is revolutionary for healthcare due to the rapid fabrication of tissue and organs, customized prosthetics, and implants. 3D printing can create object in any shape imaginable thanks to the two dozen printing processes. 3D printing first made its appearance in the early 1980’s by Charles Hull. In 1988, Hull founded the company 3D Systems, which developed the first commercially available 3D printer. Hull set great footsteps for future generations to follow. As known, 3D printing has been used in manufacturing industries for decades. Three dimensional printing can largely benefit healthcare and medical uses due to the customization, cost efficiency, and the rapid productivity. Customization is a great advantage to 3D printing because it allows for custom made medical products and equipment that is prepared for each body and fixture. The timeShow MoreRelatedCurrent And Projected Healthcare Applications Of 3d Printing Essay3058 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as rapid prototyping (RP) and additive manufacturing (AM), is a transformational technology that is anticipated to revolutionize the healthcare industry. Current and projected healthcare applications of 3D printing include: customized prosthetics; personalized surgical implants; drug delivery, pre-operative and educational anatomical models; and tissue and organ engineering. The implications of 3D printing are expected to be considerableRead MoreWhat Did The Lord Made?3169 Words   |  13 Pagesalso the care required for the babies goes down also. As time has gone on there have been many more new discoveries and treatments that have been made available. One of these technologies is printing. The simple task of printing has been around seen 1843, when the printing press was first invented, but it has evolved. When someone thinks of printing they may think of newspapers, offices making copies, etc. The printing industry has evolved so much that they are now doing a process called 3D printingRead MoreTotal Hip Arthroplasty ( Tha )1166 Words   |  5 Pagesquality of life in patients with end-stage hip osteoarthritis. The incidence of THA is expected to increase due to the growing elderly population. Nevertheless, THA is becoming more common in younger populations because of the improvements in implant durability(D,C). Ideal candidates for an elective procedure are adults with severe joint pain daily, rest pain several days per week, transfer pain several days per week, and destruction of most of the joint space on radiograph (E). Patients who undergo electiveRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed The Act Of Nursing2153 Words   |  9 Pagesof nursing in years to come (Huston, 2013). Since 3D printing was introduced in 1989, hospital, physicians and the public have seen how creating customized medical devices such as dental implants, hearing aids, contact lenses, and prosthesis have offered many advantages for the patients. â€Å"The reach of 3D printing has improved and even saved lives. In 2011, a man in the UK who lost half his pelvis to bone cancer received a new pelvis created of 3D materials, and is still happy with the results. InRead MoreDefining The Fundamental Responsibilities And Key Characteristics Of The Chief Information Officer Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Define the fundamental responsibilities and key characteristics of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) within health care organizations. Chief Information Officer (CIO) or Information Technology (IT) Director, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals. Generally, the CIO reports to the chief executive officer, chief operating officerRead MoreHigh School Career - Original Writing2286 Words   |  10 Pagesdoubt in my mind that the answer to â€Å"what’s next† lies within 3D printing. The new fad could be 3D printing dolls and toys, food and tools! At our fingertips...a higher standard of living is possible. A memory that will never fade is possible. A healthy lifestyle is possible. The world is already raging about 3D printing and the advancements we can expect. I want to figure out all the current abilities and proposed ways to use the 3D printer. I also want begin my personal journey in the fieldRead MoreTechnology And Technology : A New Opportunity For Medicine2103 Wor ds   |  9 Pagesmachinery. One such emergence is three-dimensional printing; an idea first developed by Charles Hull in 1986. This technique encompasses the successive printing of a selected material so as to form a 3D construct of an initially digital file1. This technology has seen vast usage in art and commerce since its establishment three decades but has only recently received attention from the biotechnology industry. As of 2010 the potential of 3D printing in areas of tissue engineering and body part creationRead MoreChief Officer As A Chief Technical Officer1417 Words   |  6 Pagescollaboration and productivity for employees. Also, improving patient engagement is increasingly important for hospitals to boost clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction levels. Suggest two (2) developing technologies that health care systems should use in order to improve health care processes and thus increase the quality and lower the cost of health services. EHRs help providers communicate with each other about a patient’s care. EHRs make it easier for physicians, hospitals, and others toRead MoreTissue Engineering in Replace of Organ Donation1353 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan donation provided a new therapeutic path when new drugs and devices failed to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate of patients with such illnesses as cardiovascular diseases. By replacing damaged organs or tissue with a functioning substitute, organ transplantation offers an immediate cure. Unfortunately, this â€Å"cure† is never guaranteed because of the high risk of graft rejection and that’s if a suitable donor can be found. Thus, tissue engineering has been the projected new treatmentRead MoreImpact Of Technology In Nursing1510 Words   |  7 Pagesencompasses social media, telehealth, electronic health records, informatics, and even genetics. With technology, healthcare has completely changed in its way of organization, caring for i ts patients, communications, treatments, care plans, and even its level of efficiency. Recently, there has been things such as 3D-printing, VR/AR, artificial intelligence, robots, and nanotechnology that has been changing the way of healthcare everyday (10 Ways Technology Is Changing Healthcare, 2017). Although there has

Can You Use Pine or Cedar for Firewood

Although pine has very inefficient firewood properties for use in a stove or fireplace, pine and other conifers can be used with some safety precautions. In regions where wood from conifers is plentiful and hardwood is hard to find, you should use it and can often get it for free. Free wood is desirable in principle, but the more advisable hardwood firewood is a more efficient and cleaner wood to burn. Always use seasoned hardwood firewood for sustained heat with fewer negative effects on wood-burning systems. The major problem with burning pine is that there are significant solid deposits of flammable creosote that will build  up in a stovepipe or in the fireplace chimney over time. This buildup of combustible creosote over seasons of use can ignite and cause a fire in stoves, fireplaces, and chimneys. Thus, there is a slightly increased risk of a house fire when using resinous woods. All conifers, including pine, will burn hot with a flash of high temperatures, but that heat will be unsustainable over time. A fire of coniferous wood needs to be tended often with large wood volumes. As explained above, the unburned combustibles  that coat the chimney can cause a flue fire, so it is extremely important to have your flue cleaned regularly if you are burning coniferous wood. Should You Use Cedar? Many cedars, including red cedar, are especially poor firewood choices. You should not use most cedar species in any stove or fireplace you value. Obviously, the wood will burn, but it should be used only in an open outside area where smoke and explosive heat are of less concern. Remember that most cedar species are loaded with volatile oils that are extracted for many uses. Cedars are the next best thing to a resin-soaked pine knot for starting wood fires, and cedar makes for a great natural kindling source. Using it for starting your fires is just fine. But burning it exclusively is not recommended. Pockets of these cedar oils will cause pops and spits of fire sparks and embers, making it quite dangerous for use in an open, inside fireplace. Some people do use cedar for a quick warm-up during the spring and fall seasons, where a short burst of hot fire can take the chill off. One thing not to blame cedars for: It has not been proven that cedars produce toxic smoke, unlike some glue fumes in composite wood products. Never burn composite wood products like plywood, chipboard, or OSB (oriented strand board). Smells Matter! All stoves have some smell, which many people like, especially when using aromatic woods. A cloying smell that becomes obnoxious is worth checking, however. It is probably due to a leaky system. Check your stoves condition and pipes for leaks. Opening windows, in some cases, can make the problem worse. Always have a wood stove expert check your unit.

Essay on Rousseaus Philosophy in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the titular character states that If [mans] impulses were confined to hunger, thirst and desire, [he] might nearly be free (Shelley, 97). With this assertion, Victor imparts his belief that man is most content in the state of nature; a state where only his most primal needs must be fulfilled in order to be satisfied. Man in his natural state is the central topic in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus philosophic essay A Discourse on Inequality, an academic work that had tremendous influence on Shelley. Shelley uses three of Rousseaus major beliefs as fundamental elements of Frankenstein; man is most content in the state of nature, society is what corrupts him and once corrupted, he can never return to his natural†¦show more content†¦He is oblivious to the fact that his appearance is horrific and has no knowledge of the concept of evil because he has had no exposure to society (Edwards). The monster does not know that civilized man views his ugly exterio r as representative of evil within, so he is baffled when the occupant of a hut he stumbles upon produces a terrified shriek and runs away (Shelley, 105). The monster later comes to know good and evil; virtue and vice; due to the fact that he possesses the faculty of perfectibility Ââ€" mans inexhaustible ability to improve himself (Â…) and be shaped by his environment (Edwards). This quality of adaptability allows for enlightenment to occur, but is ultimately the source of all of mans misery. The monster becomes malignant through his exposure to society, a phenomenon that is congruent with Rousseaus doctrine. The monster as natural man is nomadic; he roams from place to place, eating and resting where he can. When he finds adequate shelter in the hovel attached to the De Laceys cottage it becomes convenient for him to stay there. According to Rousseaus discourse, new conveniences [weaken] bodies and minds, and [eventually turn] into needs (Edwards). The monsters newfound kennel is directly adjacent to a familial society; one that Ââ€" due to his perfectibility Ââ€" transforms him irrevocably by producing a need for assimilation. Rousseau writes that withoutShow MoreRelatedRousseau s Views On Inequality And Origin Of Languages1513 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles have found and appreciated that Jean Jacques Rousseau philosophies are present in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Rousseau’s essay Discourse on Inequality and Origin of Languages can be directly co rrelated with the development of the creature in Frankenstein. While it is clear that Rousseau’s philosophies follow the transformation of the creature I sparked more of an interest in the philosophies of John Locke and connecting his philosophies with the transformation of the creature. John Locke’s EssayRead MoreThe Romantic Movement1322 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional aspect of literature, was a period when such novels as Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus were written, being very different than novels written before this era. Romantic thinkers and writers, such as Mary Shelley, believed that imagination was the crucial way of thinking. They often depicted their heroes in their novels as â€Å"creative artists† that are determined to push beyond society’s restrictions and ways of life. Mary Shelley was similar to these writers of such concepts and had incorporatedRead MoreRomantic Elements Of Frankenstein1358 Words   |  6 PagesFrankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus, is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley in 1816. Originally intended as a gothic ghost story while on retreat in Geneva, Shelley’s novel would later become the groundwork for modern science fiction and horror. As a romantic piece, Frankenstein is a novel intended to entertain, to scare, and to bring a sense of unease to the reader. Culturally and historically, however, it acts as a romantic commentary on the transition from the Enlightenment periodRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - The Individual and Society Essay1923 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein: The Individual and Society      Ã‚  Ã‚   The creatures ambiguous humanity has long puzzled readers of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. In this essay I will focus on how Frankenstein can be used to explore two philosophical topics, social contract theory, and gender roles, in light of ideas from Shelleys two philosophical parents, William Godwin, and Mary Wollstonecraft.    What Does it Mean to be Human? Individual and Society    One historically important tradition in socialRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesThe Critical Metamorphoses of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein You must excuse a trif ling d eviation, From Mrs. Shelley’s marvellous narration — from th e musical Frankenstein; or, The Vamp ire’s Victim (1849) Like Coleridge’ s Ancient Mariner , who erupts into Mary Sh elley’s text as o ccasionally and inev itably as th e Monster into Victor Frankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech Read MoreMan Or Monster? By Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Oscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray2820 Words   |  12 Pagesresponsibility for their actions. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, the â€Å"monsters† come from creators that will not take responsibilities for their actions and properly care for their creations; therefore, these neglecting creators are the true monsters and not the innocent, impressionable creations. Victor Frankenstein’s characterization and family background establish his nature as the true â€Å"monster† in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Victor had an idyllic childhoodRead MoreHow Does Mary Shelley Create a Sense of Dread and Horror Up to Chapter 5 in the Novel ‘Frankenstein’?6870 Words   |  28 PagesHow does Mary Shelley create a sense of dread and horror up to chapter 5 in the no vel ‘Frankenstein’? Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein. The novel is also known as the modern Prometheus. Mary Shelley, her husband Percy and Lord Byron went to Lake Geneva. Lord Byron challenged the group to a ghost story. After that Mary Shelley had a dream which then made her start writing her ghost story. Her dream was of a boy which made a machine, a man, which showed signs of life. Mary then had theRead MoreDiscuss to What Extent the Monster in Frankenstein Is Portrayed as a Tragic Hero?3265 Words   |  14 PagesDiscuss to what extent the monster in Frankenstein is portrayed as a tragic hero? Aristotelian defined tragedy as the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself. It incorporates incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions. The tragic hero will most effectively evoke both our pity and terror if he is neither thoroughly good nor evil but indeed a combination of both. A tragic hero has the potential

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet Essay Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet. Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. As the Concise Oxford Dictionary defines psychoanalysis, as a form of therapy that is concluced by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind (Barry 96). One of the most popularized psychoanalysts of all time was Sigmund Freud. His theories on repression most directly parallel to Hamlets actions in the play. This theory states that much of what lies in the unconscious mind has been put there by consciousness, which acts as a censor, driving underground unconscious or conscious thoughts or instincts that it deems unacceptable. Censored materials often involve infantile sexual desires (Murfin). These unconscious desires are seen in dreams, in language, in creative activity, and in neurotic behavior (Murfin). This theory of repression also is directly correlated to Freuds Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex deals with Infantile sexuality as well, by explaining that sexuality starts at infancy with the relationship of the infant with the mother, not at puberty. The Oedipus complex assesses that the infant has the desire to discard the father and become the sexual companion of the mother (Barry 97). In analyzing Hamlet, the Oedipus Complex is clearly apparent to the reader. As a child, Hamlet always expressed the warmest fondness and affection for his mother. This adoration contained elements of disguised erotic quality, especially seen in the bed chamber scene with his mother. The Queens sensual nature and her passionate fondness of her son are two traits that show her relationship with Hamlet goes beyond the normal mother-sun relationship. Nonetheless though, Hamlet finds a love interest in Ophelia. His feelings for Ophelia are never discussed fully in the play, but it is evident to the reader that at one time he loved her because of the hurt he feels when she lies to him.At this part in the play, Hamlet insults Ophelia by telling her, Or if/ thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know/ well enough what monsters you make o f them. To a /nunnry, go, and quickly too (3.1.136-139). At this part in the play, it is extremely difficult for Hamlet to differentiate between his mother and Ophelia. Therefore, making his true feelings for his mother become more obscure. When Hamlets father dies and his mother re-marries, the independency of the idea of sexuality with his mother, concealed since infancy, can no longer be hid from his consciousness. Emotions which were favorable and pleasing at infancy are now emotions of abhorrence and disgust because of his repressions (Jones). In the beginning of the play he becomes extremely derisive and contemptuous to his mother. Seems, madam? Nay, it is, I know not seems. (1.2.76). When Hamlet says this, he is mocking his mothers question about why he is still mourning his fathers death. Ironically, out of the love he still has for his mother, he yields her request to remain at the court. The long repressed need to take his fathers place, by gaining his mothers devotion is first stimulated to unconscious activity by the marriage of his mother to Claudius. Claudius has usurped the position of husband to Gertrude, a position that Hamlet had once longed for. The fact that Claudius was not only the victor o fhis mothers affections, but also his uncle, aggravated the situation. Their incestuous marriage thus resembles Hamlets imaginary idea of having a sexual relationship with his mother. These unconscious desires are struggling to find conscious expression, without Hamlet being the least aware of them (Jones). As the play goes on, Hamlet encounters his fathers ghost. Upon discovering that his fathers death wasnt natural, he says with much feeling that Haste me to knowt, that I with wings as swift/ As meditation, or the thoughts of love,/ May sweep to my revenge (1.5.29-31). The ghost tells him that he was murdered by Claudius.His motives were his love for Gertrude, withou t her knowledge or consent. Hamlet is furious and seething with rage with the news of his fathers murder. Knowing the truth makes Hamlets subconscious realize that killing Claudius would be similar to killing himself. This is so because Hamlet recognizes that Claudius actions of murdering his brother and marrying Hamlets mother, mimicked Hamlets inner unconscious desires. Hamlets unconscious fantasies have always been closely related to Claudius conduct. All of Hamlets once hidden feelings seem to surface in spite of all of the repressing forces, when he cries out, Oh my prophetic soul!/ My uncle! (1.5.40-41). From here, Hamlets consciousness must deal with the frightful truth (Jones). Therefore, when dealing with Claudius, Hamlets attitude is extremely complex and intricate. The concepts of death and sexuality are interchangeable in this play (Adelman 271). To the reader, it is evident that Hamlet hates his uncle, but his despise of Claudius comes more from his jealousy than from anything else. The more Hamlet criticizes Claudius, the more his unconscious feelings start to unravel. Hence, Hamlet is faced with a dilemma by acknowledging the same feelings his uncle has towards his mother, even though he detests Claudius, and yet on the other hand, he feels the need to avenge his fathers death (Jones). It takes Hamlet a month to decide to finally take action against Claudius. Hamlet tells Horatio that Come, some music! Come, the recorders!/ For if the King like not the comedy,/ Why then belike he likes it not, perdy (3.2.276-279). After this scene in the play, Hamlet is convinced of Claudius guilt, but his own guilt prevents him from completely eliminating his uncle. Hamlet is still trying to repress his own sexual desires. It could be construed that Claudius manifests all of Hamlets passions and emotions. If Claudius is killed, then Hamlet must also be killed(Jones). The course of action that Hamlet pursues can only lead to his ruin. In the end of the play, Hamlet is finally willing to make the ultimate sacrifice: to avenge his fathers death and to kill his uncle, as well as part of himself. Hamlet will live on forever in the literary world. It has become extremely popular and famous because the reader can analyze the play from a diverse and countless number of ways. Psychoanalytic criticism is one of many ways of looking at Hamlets actions. Freud and other theorists were able to take the play and analyze it scene by scene, giving a more in-depth meaning to the actions of the characters. In a sense, Shakespeare wrote two plays in one; one play dealing with a tragedy, leaving the stage with many corpses; the other standing the test of time, in a captivating exploration into an unconscious world of the unknown. Works CitedAdelman, Janet. Man and Wife is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory. New York: Manchester University Press. 1995. Jones, Ernest. Ernest Jones: Hamlet and Oedipus. N. pag. Online. Worldwide web. 21 May 2000. Available at: http://click.go2net.com/adpopup?site=hmshape=noshapeborder=1area=DIR.EDU.HIGHERsizerepopup=1hname=UNKNOWNMurfin, Ross C. Psychoanalytic Criticism in Hamlet. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Shakespear, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. "Bringing the Dolls" and "Old Crystals" Analysis EssayHamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet. Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. As the Concise Oxford Dictionary defines psychoanalysis, as a form of therapy that is concluced by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind (Barry 96). One of the most popularized psychoanalysts of all time was Sigmund Freud. His theories on repression most directly parallel to Hamlets actions in the play. This theory states that much of what lies in the unconscious mind has been put there by con sciousness, which acts as a censor, driving underground unconscious or conscious thoughts or instincts that it deems unacceptable. Censored materials often involve infantile sexual desires (Murfin). These unconscious desires are seen in dreams, in language, in creative activity, and in neurotic behavior (Murfin). This theory of repression also is directly correlated to Freuds Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex deals with Infantile sexuality as well, by explaining that sexuality starts at infancy with the relationship of the infant with the mother, not at puberty. The Oedipus complex assesses that the infant has the desire to discard the father and become the sexual companion of the mother (Barry 97). In analyzing Hamlet, the Oedipus Complex is clearly apparent to the reader. As a child, Hamlet always expressed the warmest fondness and affection for his mother. This adoration contained elements of disguised erotic quality, especially seen in the bed chamber scene with his mother. The Queens sensual nature and her passionate fondness of her son are two traits that show her relationship with Hamlet goes beyond the normal mother-sun relationship. Nonetheless though, Hamlet finds a love interest in Ophelia. His feelings for Ophelia are never discussed fully in the play, but it is evident to the reader that at one time he loved her because of the hurt he feels when she lies to him.At this part in the play, Hamlet insults Ophelia by telling her, Or if/ thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know/ well enough what monsters you make o f them. To a /nunnry, go, and quickly too (3.1.136-139). At this part in the play, it is extremely difficult for Hamlet to differentiate between his mother and Ophelia. Therefore, making his true feelings for his mother become more obscure. When Hamlets father dies and his mother re-marries, the independency of the idea of sexuality with his mother, concealed since infancy, can no longer be hid from his consciousness. Emotions which were favorable and pleasing at infancy are now emotions of abhorrence and disgust because of his repressions (Jones). In the beginning of the play he becomes extremely derisive and contemptuous to his mother. Seems, madam? Nay, it is, I know not seems. (1.2.76). When Hamlet says this, he is mocking his mothers question about why he is still mourning his fathers death. Ironically, out of the love he still has for his mother, he yields her request to remain at the court. The long repressed need to take his fathers place, by gaining his mothers devotion is first stimulated to unconscious activity by the marriage of his mother to Claudius. Claudius has usurped the position of husband to Gertrude, a position that Hamlet had once longed for. The fact that Claudius was not only the victor o fhis mothers affections, but also his uncle, aggravated the situation. Their incestuous marriage thus resembles Hamlets imaginary idea of having a sexual relationship with his mother. These unconscious desires are struggling to find conscious expression, without Hamlet being the least aware of them (Jones). As the play goes on, Hamlet encounters his fathers ghost. Upon discovering that his fathers death wasnt natural, he says with much feeling that Haste me to knowt, that I with wings as swift/ As meditation, or the thoughts of love,/ May sweep to my revenge (1.5.29-31). The ghost tells him that he was murdered by Claudius.His motives were his love for Gertrude, withou t her knowledge or consent. Hamlet is furious and seething with rage with the news of his fathers murder. Knowing the truth makes Hamlets subconscious realize that killing Claudius would be similar to killing himself. This is so because Hamlet recognizes that Claudius actions of murdering his brother and marrying Hamlets mother, mimicked Hamlets inner unconscious desires. Hamlets unconscious fantasies have always been closely related to Claudius conduct. All of Hamlets once hidden feelings seem to surface in spite of all of the repressing forces, when he cries out, Oh my prophetic soul!/ My uncle! (1.5.40-41). From here, Hamlets consciousness must deal with the frightful truth (Jones). Therefore, when dealing with Claudius, Hamlets attitude is extremely complex and intricate. The concepts of death and sexuality are interchangeable in this play (Adelman 271). To the reader, it is evident that Hamlet hates his uncle, but his despise of Claudius comes more from his jealousy than from anything else. The more Hamlet criticizes Claudius, the more his unconscious feelings start to unravel. Hence, Hamlet is faced with a dilemma by acknowledging the same feelings his uncle has towards his mother, even though he detests Claudius, and yet on the other hand, he feels the need to avenge his fathers death (Jones). It takes Hamlet a month to decide to finally take action against Claudius. Hamlet tells Horatio that Come, some music! Come, the recorders!/ For if the King like not the comedy,/ Why then belike he likes it not, perdy (3.2.276-279). After this scene in the play, Hamlet is convinced of Claudius guilt, but his own guilt prevents him from completely eliminating his uncle. Hamlet is still trying to repress his own sexual desires. It could be construed that Claudius manifests all of Hamlets passions and emotions. If Claudius is killed, then Hamlet must also be killed(Jones). The course of action that Hamlet pursues can only lead to his ruin. In the end of the play, Hamlet is finally willing to make the ultimate sacrifice: to avenge his fathers death and to kill his uncle, as well as part of himself. Hamlet will live on forever in the literary world. It has become extremely popular and famous because the reader can analyze the play from a diverse and countless number of ways. Psychoanalytic criticism is one of many ways of looking at Hamlets actions. Freud and other theorists were able to take the play and analyze it scene by scene, giving a more in-depth meaning to the actions of the characters. In a sense, Shakespeare wrote two plays in one; one play dealing with a tragedy, leaving the stage with many corpses; the other standing the test of time, in a captivating exploration into an unconscious world of the unknown. Works CitedAdelman, Janet. Man and Wife is One Flesh: Hamlet and the Confrontation with the Maternal Body. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory. New York: Manchester University Press. 1995. Jones, Ernest. Ernest Jones: Hamlet and Oedipus. N. pag. Online. Worldwide web. 21 May 2000. Available at: http://click.go2net.com/adpopup?site=hmshape=noshapeborder=1area=DIR.EDU.HIGHERsizerepopup=1hname=UNKNOWNMurfin, Ross C. Psychoanalytic Criticism in Hamlet. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Shakespear, William. Hamlet. Ed. Susanne L. Wofford. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Words/ Pages : 4,006 / 24

The Change of Gender Roles

The notion that women cannot play a prominent role in family or society has existed for a long time. Although this trend began to change in the past two centuries, this gender stereotype continues to be very widespread. This paper is aimed at discussing such plays as Trifles written by Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. These authors show how women can be victimized or discriminated in a patriarchal society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By depicting family conflictsï ¼Å'Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen show how women can be forced into subordination. More importantly, the writers show how women challenge the conventions that are imposed on them.  There are several important similarities shared by both works. First, both works illustrate similar themes, namely the subordinate position of women and their response to this i njustice. A Doll’s House by Ibsen is a description of a woman who tries to break paternalistic relationship with her husband. Trifles written by Glaspell depict a despair of a woman who murders her husband. This similarity is one of the most  important to focus on the structure of the narrative. In both plays, the main actions of the characters are not directly described by the authors. They can be regarded as past events that help the readers understand the story. For instance, in Trifles, the murder is not depicted by Susan Glaspell. The larger part of the play shows how this murder is investigated. The audience is also introduced to the dialogue between two women who discuss about the possibility of Mrs. Wright having killed her husband. The approach to narrative is taken by Henrik Ibsen. It should be mentioned that Nora was making debt repayments for almost a decade without the knowledge of her husband. It should be kept in mind that Nora obtained the first loan by forg ing the signature of her own spouse. In order to maintain peace in their marital life, Nora thought that it would be better for her not to tell her husband the entire truth. She did not want her husband to know that she was burdened with debts. Thirdly, the supporting characters also play a key role in exposing gender dynamics that unfold throughout the plays. For instance, gender roles have been typically reversed in the A Doll’s House by other casts as well. Kristine Linde takes over the position of Mr. Krogstad. She proves to the audience that she is capable, highly efficient and independent-minded person in comparison Krogstad. She does not need the assistance of men to secure a decent job. She even opts to work while her husband stays back home. Also in Trifles, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find the truth about murder by investigating small details which called trifles by men. Finally both of them decide to hide evidence to protect their peer. These examples are important f or showing that women can cope with the tasks and duties of men.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, both writers want readers to make their conclusion about the ending of two plays. Instead of providing detailed information about the later life of the characters, Ibsen and Glaspell prompt the audience to think about the possible ending of two plays. For instance, the readers of Susan Glaspell’s play do now know whether Mrs. Wright was acquitted or found guilty of her criminal trial. Similarly, in A Doll’s House, Nora leaves her husband, but the author does not tell what happens to her in the future.  Finally, both plays involve similar symbols that represent the female protagonists and the injustice that they have to struggle with. In Trifles, Mrs. Wright has been described as â€Å"kind of a bird herself† (Glaspell 1054) by Mrs. Hale. Moreover, broken birdcage indicates that this woman could be confined in various ways. For instance, she could not attend any social event since she was made to wear shabby clothes by her husband. In the A Doll’s House, Nora is described as â€Å"little lark† and â€Å"squirrel† by her husband by Torvald (Ibsen 1259). The doll house is literary symbol of Nora’s life. Just like what she said to her husband, Torvald: â€Å"Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife† (Ibsen 1259).  Yet, one can also identify some important differences between these literary works. Both Mrs. Wright and Nora break the law, however, the reason is different. Mrs. Wright kills her husband to protect herself because she is afraid that her husband will eventually hurt her. In contrast, Nora violates the establish behavioral norms in order to protect her husband. Just as she says:â€Å"Is a daughter not to be allowed to spare her dying father anxiety and ca re? Is a wife not to be allowed to save her husband’s life? I don’t know much about law, but I am certain that there must be laws permitting such things as that.† (Ibsen 1270). Even though both protagonists challenge dominant gender roles, their value and attitudes of these people differ significantly. Mrs. Wright wants to cope with the conventional gender roles that are imposed on her. However, the cruelty of her husband prevents her from achieving this goal. To a great extent, she is forced to kill his husband. In contrast, Nora seems to be quite different from that of Mrs. Wright. At the beginning, she is a happy mother with three children. Although she wants to pursue liberty, she still acts as a good wife who takes care of the family. Torvald’s reaction to secret makes Nora decide to leave her husband. At some point, it becomes cumbersome to predict the complex personality of Nora. Although she is expected to be ‘doll’ in her husband†™s house, she refuses to accept that role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of Gender Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, the writing technique has some difference. Instead of depicting main characters directly such as in A doll’s house, Glaspell uses indirect way to portray female protagonist. The main character Minnie does not enter the stage. This is another distinction that should be taken into consideration. These literary works show how conventional gender stereotypes can be challenged. The authors demonstrate the liberation of the female protagonists who get rid of the bonds that are imposed on them. Thirdly, the writers focus on the conflicts within the family since these conflicts are driven by different perceptions of gender roles. Furthermore, the narratives in both plays are structured in a similar way. For instance, the authors want to create suspense and prompt readers t o think about the later life of the main characters. This conflict has been explored many writers living in the twentieth century (Schechet 61).  The gender roles have been challenged in two main ways in both A Doll’s House and Trifles. It is common message that comes out clearly when both plays are presented to the audience or readers. Traditional conventions are challenged not only by Nora and Mrs. Wright. Other characters also act in this way. For example, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hales solve the murder case and hide the evidence in effort to save Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Linde works for her family and persuade Krogstad to help Nora. By focusing on the actions of these people, the authors want to demonstrate that patriarchal view on family and society has been undermined. These literary works are important because they explain the way in which women try to cope with gender discrimination and oppression. Susan Glaspell and Henrik Ibsen describe the experiences of women who struggle with this injustice. Most importantly, they writers show how they oppose to the tradition according to which only males can play a dominant role in family or society. Works Cited Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"Trifles.† The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll House.† The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schechet, Nita. Narrative Fissures: Reading And Rhetoric, New York: Fairleigh  Dickinson University Press, 2005. Print. This essay on The Change of Gender Roles was written and submitted by user Kayson Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Essay Example

The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Essay Example The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Paper The Byronic Hero Destiny and Russian Romanticism Paper Essay Topic: Eugene Onegin Irena Curic dr. sc. Janja Ciglar-Zanic, red. prof. English Romanticism 08 January 2013 The Byronic Hero and Russian Romanticism Introduction George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, or simply Lord Byron, was a British poet of Scottish descent who is today considered to be the most influential British poet of the Romantic period (Catherine B. ONeill calls him the best-known nineteenth-century British poet outside England).His adventourous character and wild but appealing works made him famous throughout Europe. He died in Greece during the countrys war of Independence and became a legend. He was only 36 when he died but his influence was massive. His works, mostly Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Don Juan, but also Mazeppa, the Corsair and the Prisoner of Chillon were read among the intelectual elite of the whole Europe and many poets and intelectuals became inspired to write their own works in style of Byron.It was the idea of national identity, so popular in the 19th century, that Byron s upported during his life, and the fact that he wrote about the exotic lands and their pains under the tyranny of the oppressors that made him especially popular in moulding of the new nations and their identities in southern and eastern Europe (Hocutt: Byrons influence as individual and author seemed always to have greater impact outside of England than within his prudish homeland. While imitators and admirers of Byron the individual and author could be found throughout Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, and Russia, little more than harsh criticism for his works and exile for his lifestyle emanated from his sometimes beloved, sometimes criticized native Britain, even after his death. ). Apart from his political influence, he was just as appealing to the youth who saw his quests and deeds as an impetus to rebel. In the eyes of his time, Byron was primarily looked upon as an outlaw, an immoral man. He had an affair with his stepsister and was openly sceptic of religion and political institutions.His works were filled with descriptions of decandence and abomination. His demonic heroes with weak moral compass became iconic for the writers who would be influenced by Byron. Catherine B. ONeill wrote: Childe Harold took the world by storm because of many features that we now think of as characteristic of Romantic poetry: the subjective experience of the natural wor ld, the high degree of identification between the author and the hero, the motif of a journey that is simulatneously literal and psychological, and, primarily, the isolated heros mysterious disenchantment and heartache. The Byronic hero had become a specific literary type of hero who very much resembles the writer alone. It is usually a young male (although there are female examples) who is constantly bored and unsatisfied. His spleen drives him to a constant search for new sensations, which rarely give him pleasure. He prefers solitude to the company of others and feels much more connected to nature than to people: Now Harold finds himself at lenght alone, And bade to Christian tongues a long adieu; Now he adventurd on a shore unknown, Which all admire, but many dread to view:His breast was armd `gainst fate, his wants were few; Peril he sought not, but neer shrank to meet, The scene was savage, but the scene was new; This made the ceaseless toil of travel sweet, Beat back keen winters blast, and welcomd summers heat. He finds particular characteristics of savageness to be more truthfull than society of his day which he finds corrupt and dishonest: The royal vices of our age demand A keener weapon, and a mightier hand. He takes great pleasure in satirizing contemporary events and social currents: Prepare for rhyme-I`ll publish, right or wrong: Fools are my theme, let Satire be my song. It is no secret that Byron shaped his demonic hero on his own character and his own experiences. The real background of his poems makes his scenes and adventures seem more vivid and close to the reader. So it is no wonder that his straightforward style and his hatred of censorship met with such international adoration. Byron in Russia When Byrons works conquered Europe, his influence very quickly reached Russia where his works, especially Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, inspired two of the greatest Russian Romantic writers – Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. When his work came to Russia, it became an instant hit among Russian authors.Even the very young authors, who would later shape the Russian realism, like Turgenev, read and admired Byrons work. Daniel Hocutt writes that Most Russian writers viewed Byrons work in one of two ways: late sentimentalists admired his vivid and tender sensitivity; later Romantics emphasized their heros bleak colouring and rebellious passions . Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was the first Russian author to publicly praise Byron and openly imitate his style. E ugene Onegin: the first Russian Byronic hero? Alexander Pushkin was the first authentic Russian Romantic poet and the leader of the National Romantic movement.He appreciated Byron and used the motive of the Byronic hero in his best known work Eugene Onegin. Pushkin imitated high Byronism in his narrative poems and lyrics written in Southern Russia between 1820 and 1824 Readers compared Pushkins and Byrons lives, focusing on sexual scandal, exile, and advocacy for Greek and other nationalist movements. Pushkin briefly encouraged such comparisons, announcing in 1822 that his new poem-in-progress, Eugene Onegin, was in spirit of Don Juan, but he quickly backtracked when his satire suffered from comparison to Byrons. Eugene Onegin, the protagonist of the work, is a young man who suffers from the typical Romantic boredom, the spleen. The work begins when Eugene grows bored of St. Petersburg (city, the very place of corruption) and wants to run away from his life there. He has even grown t ired of women and has given up his books. After death of his uncle, he goes away to the countryside. There he meets a young woman Tatyana who falls in love with him. However, being a cold Romantic outsider, Eugene politely turns her down only to fall in love with her in the end of the story.But then it is her turn to turn him down because she has a husband and does not want to compromise her pride and reputation. Although Pushkin tried to make his main character resemble a Byronic hero (Eugene even has a picture of Byron on his shelf), when he gave him the power to confess his feelings and change his nature, he moved away from the original, thus creating a specific type of a Russian Romantic hero: a hero with pretensions to change his miserable destiny. A true Byronic hero would carry on with his fate, without trying to change it and would most certainly continue running away from his emotions.Byronic Hero of our Time Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was killed in a gun duel, much like his predecessor Pushkin, at an early age of 27. It is interesting that they both had their main characters fight duels in their books. Of course, Onegin and Pechorin both managed to save their lives. Mikhail Lermontov had a much more complicated relationship with his British idol. First, he admitted resemblance to Byron in his poem Dont think me worthy of pity and then stated that he is not Byron but a true Russian poet in his poem No, Im not Byron:No, Im not Byron; I am, yet, Another choice for the sacred dole, Like him a persecuted soul, But only of the Russian set. I early start and end the whole, And will not win the future days; Like in an ocean, in my soul, A cargo of lost hopes stays. Who, oh, my ocean severe, Could read all secrets in your scroll? Wholl tell the people my idea? Im God or no one at all! However, he is the Russian author who managed to come the closest to the original idea of a Byronic hero through the character of Pechorin in his work Hero of our Time.Although he made a whole list of Byronic references, such as doctor Verner having a limp, or Princess Mary reading Byron among other authors, it is the protagonist, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin that captur es our imagination from the first page. He suffers from spleen, enjoys danger and seduction of beautiful women. He does not do it purely for the fun, which we can clearly see from his journal, but is afraid of commitment and therefore runs away from his feelings.He chooses to stay unhappy in order to keep his freedom: Id make any sacrifice but thistwenty times I can stake my life, even my honor, but my freedom Ill never sell. Why do I prize it so much? What do I find in it? What am I aiming at? What have I to expect from the future? Nothing, absolutely nothing. Its some innate fear, an inexplicable foreboding . . . Conclusion Russia of the early 19th century was a gloomy and turbulent place. It was a time of growing nationalist ideas and revolutionary thoughts, a time of lord Byrons literary influence. Byrons struggles and support for national and regional independence movements influenced Decembrists and other revolutionaries in the 1820s. One such revolutionary was Alexander Pushkin, most famous of the Russian Romantic poets, who was exiled to his mothers estate as a result of his involvement in and support of the 1825 uprising. Pushkins impact on Russian Romanticism cannot be minimized, particularly as it relates to Mikhail Lermontov, the last famous Russian Romantic writer. Voraciously reading Byrons poetry and prose in the original, in translation, and in loose interpretation, these Russian writers dedicated themselves for over a decade to write as Byron wrote and to live as Byron lived. Both Pushkin and Lermontov thoroughly read and enjoyed Byrons work and each of them by being a bit of Byronic her oes themselves, helped to shape a new type of a Russian Romantic hero.

The International Soccer Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The International Soccer Performance - Essay Example   There are hundreds of teams playing soccer around the world; some are organized as professionals while others are just amateurs. Professional teams exist in various countries in which they recruit the best players from around the world and pay them salaries while the amateurs play for fun. Nowadays, the best professional teams are in Europe, especially England and Spain that represent the best choices for any professional. This author informs: â€Å"The Spanish domestic football league is often considered to be among the best in the world. Spanish Clubs such as Real Madrid and FC Barcelona feature prominently in international club competitions†(Hoffmann, Ging & Ramasamy). Indeed, Real Madrid and Barcelona are among the best clubs in the world with their star players like Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi who display their talents on Kandy 2 stadiums every week. However, the English Premier league also has very talented teams even though they are being challenged by other European countries: â€Å"After years of unquestioned supremacy as the top-to-bottom best soccer league in the world, the English Premier League has been chased down by the rest of Europe† (Manfred). ... Each country around the world dreams of organizing the world cup or at least to participate in the tournament. Organized every four years in a chosen country, all football fans and professionals around the universe converge to that place to enjoy the best moments of football. The following statement reveals: â€Å"The FIFA World Cup is one of the largest events in the world. The competition between the best national teams in the world mobi ­lizes billions of people from all continents, cultures, ethnicities, and creeds. It rouses passions and, at the same time, lessens differences† (Brazem). This passion and attraction make the event the most important event in the world of football. Moreover, other significant trophies and tournaments exist all around the world and in each continent. For instance, the champions’ league in Europe, the confederation cup in South America, the African cup of nations and other competitions in other parts of the world are all significant t ournaments that display great trophies. This article exposes: â€Å"Real have won more European cups than any other club (8 wins). Barcelona is the current record holders for the European Cup-Winners’ Cup (4 wins)† Kandy 3 (Hoffman, Ging & Ramasamy). These records demonstrate the talent of Spanish teams and their hold on most trophies and tournaments. C. The most famous Stadiums and their Capacity Beautiful and legendary stadiums exist all around the world and in all sizes. The best teams in the universe play in magnificent infrastructures that reflect their talent and standards. With a capacity of 75,811 people, Manchester United’s mythic stadium, Old Trafford, represents one of the world’s most famous but also biggest stadiums in the universe: â€Å"It might be the most famous football ground in the world, which sometimes might work against United as teams always bring  their top game to play there† (Rizzy).     

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc Essay

Element of Literature (theme, character, setting, conflicts, etc - Essay Example This paper examines all the similarities between these three works and establishes the commonality between the characters and their presentations. Tragedy has been a theme for playwrights since the beginning of literature, well explored by Greek poets like Sophocles, medieval English writers, and Elizabethan playwrights, of which Shakespeare is prominent. The most prominent cause of the tragedy in these plays would be the tragic hero fighting against his/her impending doom. ‘The tragic hero is divided "between imperative and impulse, between moral ordinance and unruly passion . . . between law and lust" (Heilman 207).’ (Brown, 2009). If we explore the similarities between the two Elizabethan dramas, Macbeth, Hamlet and the ancient Greek tragedy, Oedipus, we find that the protagonists have that fatal flaw which draws them to their downfall and all other elements that make a tragedy. When these protagonists live, they teach us many lessons with the mistakes that they commit in their life. They seem to exist to attain the ultimate goal of death.† We admire the daring, uncompromising spirit of the tragic hero wh ile recognizing that what he gains in intensity of life, he often pays for with its brevity.† (Brown, 2009). Shakespeare’s tragedies â€Å"follow a basic pattern of complication, crisis, and conclusion but with multiple variations.† (Brown, 2009). If we compare and seek similarities between the characters of the three works, we find that as mentioned above, all protagonists unconsciously seek their own fall. Hamlet muses far too much over his father’s death and even when his father has shown him the path of revenge, he fails to kill Claudius when he has the chance. Macbeth on the other hand, blinded easily by ambition and avarice, kills Duncan in haste without pondering over the consequences. Oedipus’s flaw is his colossal ego or Hubris. It does not bring about his misery directly but does lead to

Investing in Low Income Housing Tax Credits Essay Example for Free

Investing in Low Income Housing Tax Credits Essay Overview of the LIHTC The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) provides incentives for corporations and individuals to invest in the acquisition, development and rehabilitation of affordable housing. The program offers federal tax credits to private equity investors that work with profit or non-profit developers in constructing or renovating rental properties for low-income tenants, those who earn 60 percent or less of the median family income for their county. As of 2010, the program has sparked the construction of over 1.7 million housing units throughout the country. The IRS allocates federal tax credits to Housing Credit Agencies (HCAs) in each state based on its population. HCAs award credits to housing developers based on their Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP), a rigorous and competitive application used to determine which developers will receive the credits. Once credits are acquired, equity investors purchase an interest in the business entity generating the tax credits, namely a limited partnership or limited liability company. The equity generated from the investor’s purchase is used to fund the property development. The tax credits are redeemed annually by investors over a ten-year period following the date that the property becomes operational, or â€Å"placed in service.† The number of tax credits, and subsequently the amount of equity raised, is calculated by computing the eligible basis, or the dollar amount of all depreciable costs of the project (which excludes the cost of land acquisition and operating reserves) minus ineligible sources of funding like grants or federal subsidies. The eligible basis is then multiplied by the percentage of eligible tax credit units in the project (at least 20 percent and up to 100 percent of all units in the building) to calculate the â€Å"qualified basis.† The investor may later claim either 9 percent or 4 percent of the qualified basis amount in tax credits per year, depending on whether the project is a new construction or rehabilitation of an existing structure.. As of March 2012, the average price for a credit is around $.94. Price fluctuates depending on the geography of the deal, the size of the project, the perceived risk of failure, and whether the project is a new construction or rehabilitation. In order to redeem the credits, the property must rent either 20 percent or more of the units to tenants whose incomes are at or below 50 percent or less of the area median gross income, or 40 percent or more of the units to tenants whose incomes are at or below 60 percent or less of the area median gross income. The property must fulfill these and other operational requirements for a 15-year compliance period. Failure to meet these requirements during the compliance period results in an IRS recapture of tax credits plus interest and penalties. Many states offer their own affordable housing tax credits to provide further incentives by increasing potential returns. Projects in certain areas (Difficult Development Areas) receive a 30 percent increase in qualified basis as well. Options for Investment in LIHTC LIHTC transactions are structured such that the developer manages the day-to-day operation of the property while the investor takes a passive role in management and collects virtually all the tax credits. The parties create a limited partnership or limited liability company where the investor is typically a 99.99% limited partner or non-managing member and the developer is a 0.01% general partner or managing member. This method shields investors from liability beyond their capital contributions and allows the developer to maintain control over management affairs. There are two methods of investing in LIHTCs. The first is a direct investment or private placement, where the investor purchases the rights to future tax credits from a single developer in return for an equity contribution. The developer and investor form a limited partnership where the investor retains a 99.99% ownership interest and claims use of 99.99% of the tax credits and other benefits. Large banks and blue-chip corporations are the typical direct investors, mainly because they possess vast amounts of financial and administrative resources. Private placements are adequate namely for single entities that manage their own investment affairs and desire complete transparency throughout the project. These investors generate more net equity since they save costs otherwise incurred by hiring syndicated funds to choose and underwrite the affordable housing development project. Another avenue through which to invest in tax credits is with a syndicator, a financial intermediary that raises funding from many investors, usually on an annual basis, and makes equity capital contributions to multiple affordable housing projects. Indirect Investment through syndicated funds provides a means by which individual investors, small community banks, and small corporations without the resources of large banks can invest in LIHTCs. A syndicator will attract investors and form a limited partnership agreement where the syndicator typically holds a .01% interest as general partner and various investors will comprise the other 99.99% ownership interest as limited partners. This limited partnership syndicate fund will then become the 99.99% limited partner in several LIHTC projects to allow tax credits to pass through to investors. The syndicator investigates the market for affordable housing development and chooses a number of projects in which to invest. The syndicator then directs private equity capital from the limited partners of the syndicate fund to multiple affordable housing developments and returns tax credits back to each investor in proportion to their capital contribution. A few syndicate funds have missions that are aligned with non-profit developers. A syndicator’s experience with affordable housing development is invaluable to investors as it minimizes risk and increases investor confidence. The syndicator does all due diligence and underwriting for the project, so investors can take a passive role. Syndicate funds are ideal for investors that cannot afford to hire relationship managers, compliance specialists, and underwriters to oversee development. A Worthwhile Investment Alternative A tax credit provides a dollar-for-dollar reduction in tax liability, unlike deductions that simply reduce the amount of taxable income for a particular taxable year. Even though investors contribute capital based on the amount paid per tax credit, other tax benefits are transferred to the investor in the form of passive losses and deductions available to any holder of rental real estate property. These include property depreciation deductions, interest expenses, business and maintenance costs, and others. Savings from tax-deductible expenses may not have the financial impact of a tax credit, but it provides a quantifiable saving to the investor that helps add measurable value to tax credits beyond the amount of proportional tax liability they reduce. A qualifying tax credit investment results in a decrease of tax liability. The economic return on the investment, therefore, is not subject to state or federal taxation, unlike dividends or interest income from stocks or bonds. A dollar amount of taxable income is thus inherently less valuable than an identical amount of tax credits. Certain passive loss restrictions and the Alternative Minimum Tax render tax credits less useful for the large majority of individual investors. Nonetheless, LIHTC projects were giving investors returns as high as 25%-30% during the early stages of the program. After growing competition increased pricing in the market for tax credits, yields have consistently shown 4%+ annual returns in recent years. LIHTC projects provide excellent returns for the risk involved, considering other investment alternatives available. While the stock market has historically given investors long-term returns of approximately 10% per year on average, there are sharp fluctuations from year to year. The stock market is also considered a more risky investment in comparison to U.S. treasury bonds or other corporate notes. The yields on these safer bonds are much less than that of the stock market. Investments in tax credits provide an interesting combination of risk mitigation potential and impressive earning yields. Unfortunately, the average investor has no control over the valuation of a certain corporate security, much less the performance of a mutual or index fund. However, private placement investors and syndicate fund managers can and do provide for stringent oversight requirements through contractual obligations imposed on the developer, which in turn helps mitigate risk of project failure. A rise in the valuation of a corporate security usually requires an indicator of increased earnings in the future, whether it is the introduction of a more efficient manufacturing technique, the release or upgrade of a new or existing product, or a similar corporate action. Any increase in the value of a security may be short-lived. An investor only realizes gain after a sale; that gain is taxed. LIHTC projects, on the other hand, do not require entire securities markets to move in order to obtain a profit. Aside from rigorous paperwork and professional fees, the tax credits will eventually fall in the hands of the investors so long as the developer does not fail to meet the various compliance requirements for the specified period. With continuous oversight, investors and fund managers can establish timelines for performance that may readily identify any setbacks or obstacles to completion. This may afford time to expedite construction or development and perhaps cure any potential defects in the plan. On the downside, securities markets provide instant liquidity; LIHTC projects require at least 11 years to harvest all profits. Timelines provide further protection when equity contributions are made in response to the developer meeting certain milestones that render project completion more likely. By disbursing equity in stages, investors exert more control over the project’s development and may elect to alter the course of the project. For instance, the investor may attempt to remove the developer if confidence is undermined. The 15-year compliance period provides an identifiable date of exit, after which all profits (in the form of tax credit use) have been harvested. If investors decide to exit the venture, a secondary market has emerged where an investor may be able to sell the credits to third parties. Legislation passed in 2008 allows limited partners to sell their ownership interests in affordable housing properties without facing recapture so long as the properties continue to operate as affordable housing. This allows a shortened holding period of up to 11 years as long as the property meets the 15-year compliance requirements. These advantages are largely unavailable to stock market investors and make tax credits a safe, viable and profitable investment alternative. These benefits apply uniformly to any tax credit investor. Large Banks, Larger Benefits Large banks and financial institutions are provided with a number of benefits that are generally inapplicable to individual and corporate investors, which in turn make credits more valuable and increases their market price. Banks subject to the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) are required to engage in certain activities that improve community development. Direct investments and loans made to LIHTC projects, or syndicated funds that invest therein, are considered qualified activities under the CRA. Banks receive positive CRA consideration not only for these loans and investments to community projects, but also when equity is transferred to LIHTC projects that serve broader statewide or regional areas that include a particular bank’s assessment area. An unsatisfactory CRA rating can cause banks to be denied or delayed in undertaking certain business activities like mergers, acquisitions, or the expansion of services. Thus, banks have strong incentives to invest in affordable housing development. LIHTCs are often a top choice for banks, who are obliged to make community development contributions, because not all CRA qualified activities provide similar returns. Financial institutions also benefit from establishing banking relationships with real estate developers. This allows banks to expand their revenues by providing new services to the project like pre-development loans, construction loans, mortgage financing, and credit lines. Bridge loans are especially enticing, where banks loan large amounts of capital to syndicated funds or other Private Placement investors without the cash reserves to make the up-front equity contributions required by developers before any tax credits can be redeemed. Moreover, banks have the financial capacity to create long-lasting resources to assist in affordable housing investment. The underwriting and due diligence for a LIHTC project requires a number of services and incurs various costs. While syndicated funds spread these costs over a number of investors, banks are in a position to pay for these costs themselves. By establishing separate departments to oversee tax credit financing, banks make a one-time investment in an oversight apparatus that will operate over an indefinite number of LIHTC projects. These in-house professionals will increase in value as their experience expands and efficiency improves. Any bank with the capacity to conduct private placement investing in LIHTCs probably does so. Syndicated Funds: Investment Mechanisms for the Unsophisticated Tax Credit Investor A multi-investor syndicated fund provides a number of additional benefits to potential tax credit investors. It is helpful to analogize syndicated funds to mutual funds for the purpose of identifying their advantages. Just like mutual funds, where fund managers collect funding from many investors and create a diversified portfolio that is professionally managed, syndicated funds act in a similar fashion. Syndicated funds invest in multiple affordable housing developments, often in various geographic regions and with different housing developers. This allows investors to spread risk amongst different LIHTC projects so that if one project fails, their entire equity commitment is not lost. Investing with multiple investors allocates risk of loss more evenly and makes LIHTC investments a safe investment alternative. Furthermore, reputable syndicated funds are professionally managed by experienced, sophisticated tax credit professionals that probably have more knowledge about tax credit investing than any prospective investor. Few institutions and entities have enough capital reserves to fund an entire project single-handedly; syndicated funds combine investor contributions, allowing small entities like community banks and mid-size companies to have the flexibility of choosing how much capital to contribute to tax credit investment. The end result is an excellent mechanism through which unconventional tax credit investors can participate in the competitive market for tax credits. Even though funds collect a percentage fee, diversified portfolios will likely contain projects in DDAs to provide marginal increases in tax benefits. Corporations and Tax Credits: A Good[will] Investment. LIHTC are beneficial to corporations because annual tax credits have a positive impact on earnings per share, since credits reduce tax liability without diluting earnings. Tax credits are usually a profitable investment because most companies sustain consistent tax liability for years on end. Tax credit investment declined during the 2008 market downturn, but has steadily increased with general economic improvement. Companies like Google, Verizon, Liberty Mutual, and others have invested in affordable housing developments across the country. An additional and measurable economic benefit to corporations is the increased value of a trademark or goodwill associated with a company that invests in community development. This type of investment may also attract positive publicity and media coverage, which in turn may increase corporate securities valuation. Large corporations are also in a coveted position to undertake direct investment and avoid paying fees to syndicated funds. Safe, but Not That Safe. While LIHTC investments may be safer than comparable investment with similar yields, the risks must be identified for informed decision-making. Potential tax credit recapture and loss is the greatest risk—the project must maintain specific requirements over a period of 15 years and strict deadlines must be met. The investor must assume the risk of any impediment to completion of construction, no matter how farfetched, and recapture liability remains with the initial investor even if the credits are sold on the secondary market. Risk of failure extends for a prolonged period of 15 years where strict operational requirements must be met. Due to the speculation involved in predicting construction costs, securing subsequent financing, and meeting compliance deadlines in light of potentially unforeseen adverse events, a project must be very precisely calculated to increase the chance of success. Entities and individuals that invest in syndicated funds are in a better position to identify risks due to stringent government-imposed requirements for prospectuses and offering memoranda to be distributed to all potential investors. Inexperienced syndicators might overlook a key responsibility that can cause the project to fail. Repurchase obligations arguably provide a false sense of security to investors because most developers have small balance sheets and cannot afford to match the investor’s contributions. The risks involved in LIHTC investment can be mitigated with proper planning, continuous oversight, and an experienced syndicator. Banks with in-house asset management units can oversee property maintenance. Although investors cede lien priority to the primary mortgage holder, foreclosure rates are relatively low and occupancy rates relatively high. Tax credit projects are viable investment alternatives. [ 1 ]. Catherine Such, Low Income Housing Tax Credits. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Community Investments (Mar. 2002), http://www.frbsf.org/community/investments/lihtc.html. [ 2 ]. Michael J. Novogradac, Investing in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, OCC Community Developments. (Mar. 2010), http://www.occ.gov/static/community-affairs/community-developments-investments/spring06/ investinginlowincome.htm. [ 3 ]. Id., See Understanding Low Income Housing Tax Credits: How to Secure Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options. Corporation for Supportive Housing (Mar. 2006), http://documents.csh.org/documents/ ResourceCenter/DevOpsToolkit/UnderstandingLIHTCspdf.pdf. [ 4 ]. Sherrie L. Rhine, Low-Income Housing Tax Credits: Affordable Housing Investment Opportunities for Banks. Community Affairs Development (Feb. 2008), Found in Real Estate Law Clinic Course Reader, at p. 75. [ 5 ]. Lance Bocarsly, Real Estate Law Clinic Lecture. (Thursday September 6, 2012, 4:30pm.) [ 6 ]. Understanding Low Income Housing Tax Credits: How to Secure Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options, supra, Corporation for Supportive Housing (Mar. 2006.) [ 7 ]. In actuality, the percentage of qualified basis that determines the amount of tax credits is not exactly 9 or 4 percent. The rate for the 4 percent credit floats in accordance with the Applicable Federal Rate and may fluctuate above or below 4 percent. The 9 percent credit will float beginning in 2013, although current legislation has been proposed to extend the 9 percent credit floor. House of Representatives Bill 3661 is making its way through Congress. See Mark Anderson, Tax Credit at Risk for Low Income Housing. Finance and Commerce (April 26, 2012, 4:35 pm). Available at http://finance-commerce.com/2012/04/tax-credit-at-risk-for-low-income-housing/. [ 8 ]. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit: Facts Figures, Novogradac Affordable Housing Resource Center. http://www.novoco.com/low_income_housing/facts_figures/index.php. [ 9 ]. Tim Iglesias and Rochelle E. Lento, The Legal Guide to Affordable Housing Development. Found in Real Estate Law Clinic Course Reader, at p. 28. [ 10 ]. Rhine, supra, Low-Income Housing Tax Credits: Affordable Housing Investment Opportunities for Banks.† Found in Real Estate Law Clinic Course Reader, at p. 87. [ 11 ]. Understanding Low Income Housing Tax Credits: How to Secure Equity Investments and Evaluate Syndication Options, supra, at p. 4. [ 12 ]. Id. [ 13 ]. Id. [ 14 ]. Novogradac, supra, Investing in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits. [ 15 ]. James L. Logue III, How LIHTC Funds Can Help Banks Invest in Affordable Housing. OCC: Community Developments (Spring 2006). http://www.occ.gov/static/community-affairs/community-developments-investments/ spring06/howlihtcfunds.htm. [ 16 ]. Id.

Computer Security and Hacking :: Internet Security

Getting Ip's:-- To see the ip all computers you are connected to (web servers, people attempting to hack into your computer). Go to dos (start>run>type command) and run the netstat command. Type netstat /? for details. Type netstat -r at the command prompt to see the ip of all computers you are connected to In MSN (and other programs) when you are chatting to someone everything you type goes through the MSN servers first (they act as a proxy) so you see their ip rather than who you are chatting to. You can get round this by sending them a file as MSN doesn't send file through its proxy. When you type the netstat -r (or -a for a different view) the ip's are under the foreign address table. The ports are separated by a : . Different programs use different ports, so you can work out which ip's are from which program. Connecting to other computers and what ports are:-- Servers send information. Clients retrieve. Simple. Windows comes with a built in program to connect to other computers called telnet. To start Windows telnet Start menu> Run> type Telnet. Click connect> remote system Ports are doors into computers. Hosts are computer names (ip number or a name that is translated into the ip automatically) Different programs open different ports, but they always open the same ports so other computers know which port to connect to. You can get a port list listing all the different ports, but a basic one is: 11 :- Sends info on the computer 21 :- FTP (File transfer program) 23 :- Telnet (Login to the computers command line) 25 :- Smtp (Sends mail) 80 :- Http (Web pages) There are thousands of different programs using different ports. You can get programs called portscanners which check a computer for all ports up to a certain number, looking for ways in. You can portscan a computer looking for ways-in. Anyway, back to telnet. Type www.yahoo.com as the host and port as 80 the click connect. If nothing happens, you're in. Wow. You are connected to Yahoo's server. You can now type http commands (you are connected to an http server, so it supports http commands). Ie. on an ftp server you can type open and it will do something. On an http server it will just wonder what the hell you are on about. Type get / http/1.